Aim:

To compare LED brightness in series and parallel circuits.

Requirements:

• Breadboard

• 2–3 LEDs

• Resistors (220Ω recommended for safety)

• Connecting wires

• 9V Battery (with connector)

Working:

Part A: LEDs in Series

1. Place 2 LEDs in series on the breadboard (long leg → short leg → resistor → battery).

2. Switch on the circuit.

3. Observe: Both LEDs glow dimmer than a single LED because they share the voltage.

Part B: LEDs in Parallel

1. Place 2 LEDs in parallel (both long legs to + terminal, both short legs to – terminal, each with its own resistor if possible).

2. Connect to the battery.

3. Observe: Both LEDs glow bright, same as if only one LED is connected, because each gets full battery voltage.

Part C: Record Observations