Aim:
To build and test an AND gate and an OR gate circuit using real components.

Requirements:

• Breadboard

• Jumper wires

• 2 Push buttons

• LED

• Resistors (220–330 ohms for LED)

• Battery (9V or 3V) and connector

Steps:

1. Set Up the Breadboard

   • Connect the battery to the power rails on the breadboard (+ and -).

   • Use jumper wires to extend power to the working area.

2. Build the OR Gate Circuit (Parallel Buttons)

   • Connect two push buttons in parallel.

   • Connect one end of each button to positive power.

   • Connect the other ends to a single LED in series with a resistor.

   • Complete the circuit by connecting it to ground.

   • Test: Press any one button. The LED should light up.

3. Build the AND Gate Circuit (Series Buttons)

   • Now connect two push buttons in series (one after another).

   • Connect one end of the first button to power.

   • Connect the second button to the LED and resistor.

   • Connect the LED to ground.

   • Test: The LED will light up only when both buttons are pressed.

Working:

You physically built logic gates using circuits!

• OR Gate: Lights up when any button is pressed.

• AND Gate: Lights up when both buttons are pressed.

This shows how machines use inputs to make decisions — just like your logic in daily life!