C8: Arduino Basic + Sensor Interfacing
  • Output: a device that responds to commands from Arduino (light/sound/motion).
  • Digital output: ON/OFF (HIGH/LOW).
  • PWM (AnalogWrite): simulates varying voltage for speed/brightness control (0–255).
  • Driver (transistor/MOSFET/relay): used when an actuator needs more current than an Arduino pin can supply.
  • Flyback diode: protects the circuit when driving motors (prevents voltage spikes).
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