- Output: a device that responds to commands from Arduino (light/sound/motion).
- Digital output: ON/OFF (HIGH/LOW).
- PWM (AnalogWrite): simulates varying voltage for speed/brightness control (0–255).
- Driver (transistor/MOSFET/relay): used when an actuator needs more current than an Arduino pin can supply.
- Flyback diode: protects the circuit when driving motors (prevents voltage spikes).
Lesson 1: Arduino – The Mini Brain
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Lesson 2: Inputs – Arduino Can Sense!
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Lesson 3: Outputs — Making Arduino “Speak” Back
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Lesson 4: Code to Control
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Lesson 5: Smart Room Ideas
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Lesson 6: Test, Debug, Tweak
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